AP Psychology第一个section一共包括100道单选题,要求在70分钟内完成。100道题一共100分,占到总分150分的三分之二。像SAT和其他AP考试一样,AP psychology错一题倒扣四分之一分,例如100题中对了72题错了28题,你的原始分将是72减去7分,最终得65分。
倒扣分策略可能会让同学们有些措手不及,一个建议就是直接跳过不确定的题。此外排除法(Process of elimination) 也是一个不错的方法。
一.有选择有重点的学习
单选部分对拿高分至关重要,以下的表格是分数换算表:
Score Range 原始分值 |
AP Grade 换算分 |
Minimum Percent Right 正确率 |
113-150 |
5 |
75% |
93-112 |
4 |
62% |
77-92 |
3 |
51% |
65-76 |
2 |
43% |
0-64 |
1 |
0-42% |
College board官网给的AP psychology course description详述了AP心理覆盖的14个领域以及相对的比重,其中第三章Biological bases of behavior, 第七章Cognition, 第十四章Social Psychology占的比重相对较大,为8%-10%。考点分布比较均匀,例如7%-9%的多选题选自第六章Learning,但是并非所有的题考察Classical conditioning相关概念,出题方倾向于设置3道关于Classical conditioning的题,3道关于Operant conditioning的题,1道关于Biological factor的题,以及1-2道关于Social learning的题。
我们可以借助这种考点分布模式的优势来安排我们的学习计划,要拿到5分或4分,并不需要完全掌握每一知识点。根据上表,拿到5分需要110分,拿到4分只需要90分,因此,你可以在觉得无聊,难掌握且比重较小的知识点上花相对少得时间。比如第三章涉及的神经系统和内分泌系统虽为难点,但在考试中大概只会出现四道题,同学们可以采取一种有选择有重点的学习策略。
二. 问题类型
AP心理考察的是你对关键概念和理论的直接把握,很少会有“EXCEPT”和“NOT”等迷惑性的提问方式,在2004年和2007年的200道单选题中,只有3道题包含“EXCEPT”, 两道题包含“NOT”。
大部分AP心理学的问题可以分为两大类,其中有三分之二的问题通过使用定义和例子的形式考察你对关键概念的理解。另外三分之一的问题针对关键心理学家,理论流派,代表实验而设置。下面我们通过几道真题来体会单选题的提问形式:
1. A preschool child says, “The clouds are angry.” This child is demonstrating which of the following Piagetian concepts?
(A) Egocentric thinking
(B) Object permanence
(C) Conservation
(D) Irreversibility
(E) Animism
解析:答案选E. 此题考的是皮亚杰提出的认知发展阶段论。根据儿童心理学大师Piaget, 处在前运算阶段(Preoperational stage)的小孩认为没有生命的物体,比如云,有感觉,具有人的特征,这种认知方式我们把它叫做拟人性(Animism)。 A选项的以自我为中心(Egocentric thinking) 是指没办法站在别人的角度思考问题。B选项客体永久性(Object Permanence)指的是能够感知到视线范围之外的事物的存在,things that are out of sight are not out of mind. C选项守恒性(Conservation)是指物体形式的改变不会引起数量的改变。D选项不可逆转性(Irreversibility) 指的是在心里逆转事物发展的顺序。
2. On a test with a negatively skewed distribution, one student received the mean score, one student received the median score, and one student received the mode score. Which of these scores has the lowest percentile ranking?
(A) The mean
(B) The median
(C) The mode
(D) All three scores are equal
(E) It cannot be determined from the data given
解析:在负偏态分布中(Negatively Skewed Distribution), 平均数比中位数和众数要低。答案选A, the mean, 平均数.
3. Which of the following is the best example of the defense mechanism of repression?
(A) Sophia refuses to accept her doctor‘s suggest that she needs to lose weight and exercise more, saying “I look fine and I don’t have time to go to a gym.”
(B) Jessica scolds her brother after being told by her parents that she is grounded for a week.
(C) Unaware of her reputation for being stubborn and opinionated, Lily complains that her friends are inflexible and rigid.
(D) Allison insists that she can‘t remember what she said that provoked a big argument with her boyfriend.
(E) After receiving a rejection letter from one of his top college choices, John insists that he really did not want to attend the college because “it is too far from home”
解析:正确选项是D. 此题考的是Repression这种防御机制,由精神分析创始人弗洛伊德提出,刻意压抑让人产生焦虑的想法以致遗忘。
4. The terms “genuineness,” “unconditional positive regard,” and “empathetic understanding” are used to describe a type of therapy developed by which of the following psychologists?
(A) Sigmund Freud
(B) B. F. Skinner
(C) Albert Ellis
(D) Paul Costa
(E) Carl Rogers
解析:正确答案E. 真诚,无条件积极关注,同理心等等都是人本主义代表人物 Carl Rogers “以客户为中心的疗法”(Client-centered Therapy)的核心元素。此题考的是对心理学家和流派的熟悉程度。
5. According to Hans Selye, which of the following is the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
(A) Activating event, beliefs, consequences
(B) Stimulus, arousal, subjective experience
(C) Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
(D) Openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness
(E) Schema, assimilation, accommodation
解析:正确答案选C, 根据Selye提出的压力应对理论, alarm, resistance, exhaustion是全身适应综合症(General Adaptation Syndrome GAS)的四个阶段。
三. 推荐教材及备考流程
四本教材相比,普林斯顿对知识点的覆盖较为全面,巴朗课后题另辟蹊径,在训练批判性思维的同时帮助我们加深对相关概念的理解,crashcourse条理清晰,500题出题细致,是课后练习的不错选择。此外还有1994,1999,2004,2007 四套真题。建议同学们从二月份开始,先系统的梳理观点和概念的体系,3月下旬开始理清问答题的思路,4月开始真题的练习。
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