就要进入5月AP考试复习冲刺阶段了,陈慧琳老师带大家直切主题,带各位来明确官方考纲所要求的思考技能、历史主题、时间框架及最新题型。
一、改革后的美国历史考什么?怎么考?
官方最新的《AP美国历史课程及考试》中明确列出了考试题型、数量、时间、分数权重。在加入新题型“Short-answer questions”之后,选择题的分数还是占了40%,权重较大。
AP 5分评分制度,5分等于大学课程A,4分A-/B+/B,3分B-/C+/C,AP美国历史相当于2个学期的大学入门历史课程。如果想用AP成绩换学分,合格至少3分。建议考生考前对历史事件、历史主题、著名人物等好好梳理,从经济、政治、文化、社会、宗教、道德、外交等多维度思考问题,并且重视错题从而查漏补缺。
二、考前需要怎样的历史思考技能?
AP美国历史希望考生具有以下的四项思维技能:
1、分析素材及证据的技能,包含:对原始素材和观点的解释;评估素材和观点的可信度和局限性;对第二手素材和观点的再次解读。其中原始素材指written documents, maps, images, quantitative data, and works of art,第二手素材指economists, sociologists, political commentators, or art historians著写的观点性的素材;
2、联系和比较历史的技能,包含:比较不同个体、事件、发展阶段,分析其异同而得出对应的结论;站在广博的历史角度将事件与发展情境化;整合各种历史信息;
3、按年代顺序的论证技能,包含:不同时间顺序的事件之间的因果关系;事件变化的连续性;事件独立性特别性;
4、论据论证支持观点的技能:尤其在材料题和论文中,要求有观点且用论据论证去支持论点。
三、考前需要掌握哪些历史主题?
官方提供了七个必须掌握的历史主题,分别是:
1)美国人和民族认同,2)移民和定居,3)政治和权力,4)工作、交流和技术,5)世界与美国,6)地理和环境,7)文化和社会。
1、 美国人和民族认同主题,考生需要思考以下问题:
✦ Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.
✦ Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society.
✦ Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. Involvement in International conflicts and growth of the United States.
✦ Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity.
2、移民和定居
✦ Explain the causes of migration to colonial North American and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.
✦ Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.
3、 政治和权力
✦ alignments have developed and changed.
✦ Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.
✦ Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and policies.
4、工作、交流和技术
✦ Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
✦ Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.
✦ Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society.
5、美国与世界
✦ Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.
✦ Analyze the reasons for and results of U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas.
6、地理和环境
✦ Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.
7、文化和社会
✦ Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life.
✦ Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions.
✦ Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.
✦ Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.
四、考前如何再次梳理考纲?
AP美国历史着重考察学生对1491至今的这段美国发展史,探索历史上9个时间段的重要的事件、个人、发展和经过,时间段分别为:
可以看到,官方给出的时间段会有重合,Period 4 从1800年开始,强调美国南北战争前的改革和社会变化,这个时间段以1848年的Seneca Falls Convention塞内卡福尔斯会议为结束标志。Period 5, 开始于1844年,侧重“天命论”思想下的领土扩张如何引起更激烈的奴隶制问题,直至内战结束和战后重建。Period 6 从内战结束的1865年开始到1898年的西班牙-美国战争结束。
建议考生仔细解读一下建国纲领《独立宣言》、《宪法》、《权利法案》、《联邦党人文集》,系统梳理每个时间段的重要事件,比如:
1491-1607 印第安人和欧洲殖民者
1607-1754 英国、法国、西班牙、荷兰的美洲殖民地,英国的新英格兰、中部、南部的殖民地
1754–1800 美国独立战争、《美国邦联条例》、《美国宪法》、《权利法案》
1800–1848 从华盛顿到杰克逊的政府政策、事件、党派发展、领土扩张
1844-1877 美国内战和重建
1865–1898 工业发展、城市化
1890–1945 一战、罗斯福新政、二战
1945–1980 冷战和冷战时代的美国
1980–PRESENT 里根、老布什、克林顿、小布什、奥巴马政府的政策、事件(不做重点)
五、改革后的新题型Short-answer Questions怎么考?
官方最新样题:
A) Briefly explain why ONE of the following options most clearly marks the beginning of the sectional crisis that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.
✦ Northwest Ordinance (1787)
✦ Missouri Compromise (1820)
✦ Acquisition of Mexican territory (1848)
B) Provide an example of an event or development to support your explanation.
C) Briefly explain why one of the other options is not as useful to mark the beginning of the sectional crisis.
官方提供参考答案:
A) A good response would select one of the three options and provide a brief explanation of why it can be interpreted as best marking the beginning of the sectional crisis. Some explanations might include:
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
✦ The ordinance restricted slavery in the Old Northwest, which produced controversy.
✦ The ordinance established slave and nonslave territory in the nation — a situation that led to numerous debates.
✦ The ordinance provoked controversy by asserting the right of the federal government to act on issues involving slavery in the territories.
✦ The ordinance hardened regional identities between slave and nonslave regions.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
✦ The compromise restricted slavery above Missouri’s southern border in the Louisiana Purchase, creating slave and nonslave areas.
✦ The compromise further asserted the right of the federal government to intervene over states’ actions on the issue of slavery (especially in the territories), producing controversy.
✦ The compromise hardened regional identities between slave and nonslave areas as the nation expanded westward.
✦ The compromise only solved immediate problems, and the unresolved long-term problems went on to contribute to the outbreak of the Civil War.
Acquisition of Mexican territory (1848)
✦ The acquisition raised debates over whether the newly annexed territories would allow or restrict slavery (e.g., the Wilmot Proviso).
✦ The acquisition increased the controversy in Congress over the balance between the supporters of slave power interests and those who supported free soil.
✦ The acquisition led to the Compromise of 1850 and the very controversial Fugitive Slave Act, which forced more Northerners to confront the issue of slavery.
✦ The acquisition served as a precursor to the outbreak of several instances of violent sectional crisis in the decade of the 1850s.
B) A good response would provide one specific event or development that would support the explanation made in response to part (a), such as:
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
✦ The sectional debate over the Three-Fifths Compromise in the proposed Constitution
✦ The sectional debate over inclusion of a fugitive slave law in the Constitution
✦ The sectional debate over the slave trade at the Constitutional Convention
✦ Growth of antislavery organizations, especially in the North, after 1787
✦ Passage of emancipation acts in Northern states between 1787 and 1804
✦ Passage of state laws facilitating the emancipation of slaves in the upper South after 1787
✦ The creation of the American Colonization Society in 1816
Missouri Compromise (1820)
✦ The intensely sectional nature of the debates over slavery in Missouri and other future states addressed by the compromise
✦ The growth of Southern support for and influence in the emerging Democratic Party in the 1820s
✦ The creation of antislavery organizations in the 1820s by free blacks in the North
✦ The publication of and response to David Walker’s Appeal in 1829
✦ Efforts in some Northern states to limit the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793
✦ The emergence of radical abolitionism in Northern localities and states in the 1820s
✦ The articulation of pro-slavery arguments by John C. Calhoun and other Southerners in the 1830s
✦ The nullification crisis of the 1830s
✦ The establishment of the American Anti-Slavery Society by Northern abolitionists in 1833
✦ The Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and led to “Bleeding Kansas”
✦ Sectional reactions to the Supreme Court’s decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Acquisition of Mexican territory (1848)
✦ The rise of the free soil movement across the North
✦ Sectional reactions to the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act
✦ Calls for secession by Southern “fire eaters” after the crisis of 1850
✦ Northern resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law in the Compromise of 1850
✦ Sectional reactions to the Kansas-Nebraska Act
✦ The violence over the slavery issue known as “Bleeding Kansas”
✦ The collapse of the Second Party System due to sectional tensions
✦ The creation and sectional appeal of the Republican Party in the 1850s
✦ Sectional reactions to the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision
✦ The publication of George Fitzhugh’s Cannibals All in 1857
✦ The sectional divisions in the election of 1860 and South Carolina’s reaction to its outcome
C) A good response explaining why one of the other two options is not as useful to mark the beginning of the sectional crisis might address one of the following points:
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
The intensity of the debates over sectional issues that took place following the ordinance faded over time.
The emergence of the market economy and increasing westward expansion in the early 1800s distracted many people from focusing on the sectional crisis that had followed the Northwest Ordinance. The War of 1812 and subsequent “Era of Good Feeling” led to an emphasis on national unity over disunity.
The intensity of the battles between Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans in the 1800s often over shadowed distinctly sectional issues.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
The continuation of the “Era of Good Feeling” limited the intensity of debates over sectional issues in the 1820s.
The development of economic tensions due to the rise of factories and the industrial workplace distracted many people from emphasizing sectional issues.
New industries such as textile manufacturing encouraged linkages between sections of the nation.
Even though sectionalism increased after 1820, politicians in the Second Party System avoided policies that might cause another major confrontation until the crises of the 1850s led to Civil War.
Acquisition of Mexican territory (1848)
Events after 1848, such as the rise of the Republican Party, were natural out growths of sectional tensions that extended as far back as 1787.
Southern efforts to defend and preserve slavery, which were an important element in the tensions that led to the Civil War, arose before 1848, as seen in political speeches by John C. Calhoun and others.
The sectional debates that arose after 1848 were continuations of conflicts that preceded that date, such as those involving the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793.
The establishment of the Republican Party in the 1850s had its roots in political parties that formed earlier, such as the Free Soil Party and Whigs.
参考文献:
AP United States History, Including the Curriculum Framework, College Board, 2015.
作者简介:陈慧琳,新东方集团国外考试部教师。美国安娜堡大学教育硕士,并获得安娜堡大学TESOL证书、美国加州大学Leadership 项目证书。主授SAT/ACT语法、写作、AP美国历史。
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