据联合国网站6月27日报道,针对近期全球多地相继发生麻疹(measles)流行现象,世界卫生组织(WHO)6月27日发布国际旅行建议(WHO advice for international travel in relation to measles),呼吁成人和儿童在出行前增加对麻疹病毒传染性和感染症状的了解,确认个人免疫接种情况,有需要的人应至少在出行前15天接种一剂麻疹疫苗。
世卫组织表示,2019年前三个月,共有170个成员国向该组织报告了11万2163例麻疹病例,与去年同期相比增长300%。其中非洲报告的病例数量比去年增加700%,美洲增加60%,欧洲300%,东地中海地区100%,中国所在的东南亚和西太平洋地区则增加了40%。
世卫组织表示,由于全球麻疹病例的报告率还不到十分之一,实际的病例数量将会更高。
世卫组织表示,近期的麻疹暴发表明目前的免疫工作仍然存在漏洞。该组织建议旅行者,在出行前检查自己的免疫情况,确保已经接种两剂麻疹疫苗;接种情况不明的个人在行前应至少接种一剂麻疹疫苗。世卫组织建议至少在出行前15天完成接种;麻疹疫苗可与黄热病等其他推荐给国际旅行者的疫苗一同接种;6个月以上的婴儿在前往出现麻疹暴发情况的国家和地区前应额外接种一剂麻疹疫苗;已经完成额外接种的6到9个月幼儿,仍应按照各国的免疫接种时间表,在相应年龄接种两剂麻疹疫苗;在出行前向专业医务人员进行咨询,了解麻疹病毒的传染性和症状,提高预防意识;孕妇不建议接种麻疹疫苗。
以下是世界卫生组织发布的全球旅行建议全文:
Measles is one of the world’s most contagious diseases, with the potential to be extremely severe. In 2017, the most recent year for which estimates are available, measles caused approximately 110 000 deaths. Even in high-income countries, complications result in hospitalization in up to a quarter of cases, and can lead to lifelong disability, from brain damage and blindness to hearing loss.
The best protection against the disease is through receiving two doses of the measles vaccine, which is often incorporated with mumps and/or rubella vaccines.
The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus and lasts 4 to 7 days. A runny nose, a cough, red and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and upper neck.
Most measles-related deaths are caused by complications associated with the disease which include blindness, encephalitis (an infection that causes brain swelling), severe diarrhoea and related dehydration, ear infections, or respiratory infections such as pneumonia.